Stress and Coping Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stress and Coping - Coursework Example initial appraisal is important as it helps one to assess and understand the implication of a problematic situation and the probability of such an event occurring. Elicitation of preliminary efforts. This helps in assessing the impact of the stressors and if one is able to cope with them by taking an imitative and efforts to try something which is likely to bring a solution to a situation. Aldwin formulated person-based and environment-based theories of coping with stressful situations. For purposes of this study, environment-based theories will be considered as the most highly applicable and relevant model to actual stress related issues because they allow individuals under stress to cope with situations depending on the demands of the environment. As such, one is exposed to different types of solutions since the different types of stresses demand application of different types of coping strategies and solutions. For instance, the different stresses such as getting laid off from work, getting sick, losing a loved one or dealing with any other type of stress requires one to cope differently in order to successfully solve a stressful situation. Practically, there is numerous evidence in the real word, showing that most of the people under stress react differently towards varying types of stressors. Stressful situations can be categorized in varied ways. One category is to determine whether a particular situation has already led to loss of a loved one or any other harmful effect, if the situation has potential future harm such as if it entails some kind of threat, or if it can be seen as challenge that has potential of yielding positive outcomes. Stressors can also be classified according to content types. In this case, there are illnesses, hassles, interpersonal problems and deaths. The major coping strategy here is to help individuals relate multiple stressful conditions and compare how the coping strategies can be used successfully across the problems. Due to

Conflict between Free

Conflict between Freewill and Fate Essay Sophocles lived in the 5th Century BC, arguably the age at which the Greeks started questioning the validity of their Gods and Religious beliefs. As a playwright and as a keen social observer (he is credited with winning the maximum number of awards for his plays during his lifetime among his contemporaries), Sophocles might have felt an obligation to emphasize that Fate and Gods were what guided the human life. A healthy respect for Fate was required to accept Life in its entirety. The underlying concept of the story of Oedipus Rex is the all encompassing power of coincidences. One might choose to call it Fate or a deterministic Universe. For Sophocles and all his readers, it is the amazing possibility of symmetry in events. What is Free Will? Freewill is the ability to take independent decisions, and it also includes a deep rooted desire to counter any attempt to predetermine future. Freewill always tends to adopt measures to break loose from any prediction. This tendency to try and break away from any foregone conclusion has been the chief motivation for progress. But, in the limited context of Oedipus Rex, predictions, instigate the freewill to try and rebel. Prominent evidence of this struggle from Oedipus Rex â€Å"An oracle Once came to Laius (I will not say Twas from the Delphic god himself, but from His ministers) declaring he was doomed To perish by the hand of his own son, A child that should be born to him by me. †(lines 713-715) Jocasta and Laius were forewarned through a Prophecy that a son born through their union shall slay Laius. But this only led them to banish the child to be killed in the hope that the prophecy is belied. At the same time, the prophecy to Laius and Jocasta was not complete – it did not talk about the incestuous relationship their son would have with his mother. â€Å"†¦Apollo sent me back Baulked of the knowledge that I came to seek. But other grievous things he prophesied, Woes, lamentations, mourning, portents dire; To wit I should defile my mothers bed And raise up seed too loathsome to behold, And slay the father from whose loins I sprang. †(lines 816-821) Thus was Oedipus forewarned. He had gone to the Oracle to find out if there was any truth in the scandal that was spreading in Corinth that he was not the son of the king Polybus of Corinth. Instead of giving him any clarity on his confusion, the oracle set him on the course of his life that would fulfill the prophecy. When he learnt that he shall commit murder of his father and incest on is mother, Oedipus was still under the impression that Polybus and Dorian were his parents. To avoid any such possibility in his life, Oedipus decided to leave Corinth and that journey (prompted wholly by the prophecy) actually set him on the path to his destiny – A self fulfilling prophecy. These two are the most important manifestations of freewill trying to rebel against a rarely revealed future events of fate. When it is prophesied that certain events of great magnitude or villainous impact are about to happen in the future, it is the absolute nature of the freewill to try and avoid it. Arguments suggesting that Sophocles does not support the supremacy of Fate over Free will Eminent scholar E. R. Dodds in his â€Å"misunderstanding of Oedipus Rex† criticizes the most significant ways of understanding Oedipus Rex. His most important grouse is that the scholars and students alike fall prey to viewing Sophocles’ work through the prisms of philosophical thought processes which were non-existent during Sophocles’ time. Besides, the student community that studies Oedipus Rex tries to ascribe motive where none might have been intended. Point wise rebuttal to Dodds’s arguments Dodds. In his scholarly analysis of the popular misunderstanding of Oedipus Rex puts forth the following points in defense of his arguments. †¢ Sophocles does not intend Oedipus to be a villainous person being punished by Gods for his evil thoughts and actions. †¢ Sophocles does not intend Oedipus to be the prototype Greek tragic hero, whose one tragic flaw creates all the tragic consequences in the drama. †¢ Sophocles does not intend to state that there is no scope for free will and that the Fate reigns supreme. The first point of the argument is valid as Sophocles designs the character of Oedipus as heroic and it is prominently mentioned in most conversations of the stand alone characters and the chorus. His valor, his compassion and his ability to seek truth even if it be detrimental to his own self are heroic characteristics designed to evoke a mixture of admiration for his strength of character and sympathy for the travails he undergoes. The chorus sing the virtues of the king in unequivocal terms and all the incidents that lead to the story of Oedipus Rex establish his character as admirable, if not entirely beyond reproach. (his suspicion of his brother-in-law might be a lapse, but not a flaw of character) â€Å"Upraise, O chief of men, upraise our State! Look to thy laurels! for thy zeal of yore Our countrys savior thou art justly hailed:†(lines 53-55) Tragic Flaw While trying to relieve Oedipus of the tragic flaw, Dodds tries to reason that the concept of hamartia led by hubris is not evident in the Sophoclean hero. It can be argued that â€Å"Poetics† of Aristotle was a guiding light to playwrights and was a great contributor in shaping Greek literature. But it was within the capacity of the playwrights, creative geniuses all, to reinterpret the laws or rules of Poetics to further their own literary achievements. Even while adding his own interpretation to the concept of tragic flaw, Sophocles remains loyal to the concept per se. The tragic flaw of Oedipus might have been the fact that even when he was forewarned of a future in which his life shall harbor aberrations that the natural universe abhors, he had the courage to try and avoid it. A lesser man would have hid behind the inevitability of Fate or made such drastic changes to his won character as to avoid any such possibility. As Dodds suggests, some of the readers of Oedipus wonder why Oedipus did not give up fighting (even in self defense) against people older than him or in engaging in physical relationship with women older than him. Dodds answers saying that we are not to question what is not in the play. In fact, this might be the tragic flaw of the protagonist. Even after he is warned of the possibility of patricide and incest, Oedipus does not leave behind his virtuous qualities of valor (which leads him to kill Laius) and compassion (which leads him to free Crete from the songstress and take Jocasta as his wife). His sense of righteousness makes him leave Corinth to avoid patricide and incest as he believes Polybus and Dorian to be his parents. This flight is in the strongly held belief that he detests the unnatural acts of patricide and incest and it is within his capacity to avoid them by charting his own course and at the same time retaining his primary character traits of compassion and courage in the face of adversity. Dodds stresses his argument that Sophocles does not intend to make any statement on the finality of Fate and he bases it on two points. †¢ Sophocles is not the victim of any knowledge of determinism which was a later stage philosophical development largely credited to the Kantian determinism. †¢ Sophocles does not intend to preach the supremacy of fate because most incidents of the Play are a result of the exercise of Free will. Sophocles might not have been privy to the philosophical leanings of the determinism of the late 18th and early 19th century. But that does not exclude the gamut of his knowledge from knowing anything of that. In fact philosophical treatises have been, for the most part, clarified pronunciations of the existing thought derived through scientific observation. Determinism as a clear treatise might not have been available to the Greek playwrights but the concepts of a superior design to life which has the power to supersede human interventions has always caught the fascination of creative contributors as evidenced from the earliest forms of literature. The French concept of Poetic justice or the Christian concepts of adequate justice have been used in works earlier than these periods but they have been recognized and grouped only in the last four to five centuries. It is not that the critics are viewing the older works through newer prisms but the scholars are able to identify the evidence of such concepts even in earlier works. This is intellectually honest analysis and it is hard to understand why Dodd argues them to be invalid. For instance, if Pasteur discovered germ theory of disease in the early part of the 19th century, why is it not valid to find that similar germs or micro-organisms were cited in the out break of any contagious disease in the previous centuries. The scientists and philosophers in both cases have only discovered what was either already existent or known in some different form. Therefore, it seems invalid to argue that Sophocles might not have had the supremacy of Fate or determinism in mind when he crafted the symmetrical cycle of events in Oedipus Rex. Dodds says that Oedipus Rex is a manifestation of Free will. In his own words, â€Å"Oedipus might have left the plague to take its course; but pity for the sufferings of his people compelled him to consult Delphi. When Apollos word came back, he might still have left the murder of Laius uninvestigated; but piety and justice required him to act. He need not have forced the truth from the reluctant Theban herdsman; but because he cannot rest content with a lie, he must tear away the last veil from the illusion in which he has lived so long. Teiresias, Jocasta, the herdsman, each in turn tries to stop him, but in vain: he must read the last riddle, the riddle of his own life. The immediate cause of Oedipuss ruin is not Fate or the gods—no oracle said that he must discover the truth—and still less does it lie in his own weakness; what causes his ruin is his own strength and courage, his loyalty to Thebes, and his loyalty to the truth. In all this we are to see him as a free agent: hence the suppression of the hereditary curse. And his self-mutilation and self ¬-banishment are equally free acts of choice. †(Dodds 1985, p71) But these are not manifestations of free will but the struggle of free will against an all powerful fate. All the attempts made by the wise and virtuous Oedipus to avoid the aberrations of nature at his won hand are defeated partly by design and partly by curious coincidences. Conclusion Aristotle’s Poetics suggests that Greek drama is not pure entertainment. It had a communal function to contribute to the development of the community. It is easy to believe that Sophocles was a strict adherent to this principle because he won the most competitions during his lifetime compared to any of his contemporaries. His dramas were popular with both the entertainment-seeking public and the critics. Therefore it is safe to assume that Sophocles tries to establish the depravity of the acts of Patricide and incest through Oedipus. The message that resonates is that if a man of great wisdom, courage and all admirable qualities like Oedipus can fall prey to the hands of fate and commit the most heinous of acts, it is but the duty of the wider public to guard against any temptations that might make them break the natural or communal law. Besides, if Oedipus could not over come his guilt even after trying his entire life to avoid such acts and if the guilt is so all consuming that he blinds himself and seeks exile, it is better for the normal man to watch out for any of these sins. The all-consuming guilt is so over powering that no man can remain nonchalant after committing any of these crimes knowingly or unwittingly. A good moral for a drama that retains its mystique and appeal due to its craftiness and perfect symmetry in the cycle of events References Dodds. E. R. (1985). The Ancient Concept of Progress and Other Essays on Greek Literature and Belief: And Other Essays on Greek Literature and Belief. New York : Oxford University Press (Translated by Malcolm Heath). Aristotle. 1996. Poetics. London: Penguin Classics

William Faulkner’s An Odor of Verbena †An Act of Courage :: Odor Verbena

William Faulkner’s An Odor of Verbena – An Act of Courage William Faulkner’s short story "An Odor of Verbena" is the tale of a young, Southern man, Baynard Sartoris, who must come to terms with his father’s sudden (but not entirely unexpected) murder. Because this murder takes place in the decade following the Civil War, young Baynard is faced with the South’s ancient honorary code. This code dictates that, as the only son of his father, he must avenge this death. Should Baynard fail to retaliate on his father’s behalf by confronting the murderer, Redmond, who once was his father’s business partner, both Baynard and his family would lose face within their community. Faulkner uses the two primary women of the story to represent the two options open to young Baynard—each is trying to pull him in an opposite direction. Drusilla, Baynard’s stepmother, and his Aunt Jenny represent the two conflicting views and solutions that Baynard must struggle with. Does he challenge Redmond to a duel? or merely walk away from the situation. Both women try to work on Baynard’s emotions and intellect in their attempt to sway him to their conflicting points of view. Either choice could have a lasting or fatal consequence for Baynard and his family. In this story Faulkner appears to be using Drusilla as the primary voice representing the old Southern honor system, an honor system that is distinctly masculine. As the grieving widow, it is Drusilla who seems to be pushing the hardest for retribution in the form of a duel—an option that would put Baynard’s life at risk. Baynard is barely home after his long ride back from college when Drusilla directs, not asks, him to take the dueling pistols (Faulkner 459). Drusilla expects Baynard to challenge her husband’s killer with "the long true [dueling] barrels true as justice" (Faulkner 459). She is inflamed and passionate about Baynard’s chance to kill and speaks glowingly of what so many Southern men in the same position must have thought: "to be permitted to kill, to be permitted vengeance, to take into your bare hands the fire of heaven that cast down Lucifer" (Faulkner 460). Drusilla expects that Baynard one day will be grateful for her support. She tells him that "you will remember me who put into your hands what they say is an attribute only of God’s, who took what belongs to heaven and gave it to you" (Faulkner 459).

Lactase Enzyme Essay

This lab will examine the specificity of an enzyme (lactase) to a specific substrate (lactose). Students will observe the actions of the enzyme and how shape is important to enzyme reactions. Background information: Lactose, the sugar found in milk, is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose (both six-sided sugars). Sucrose, ordinary table sugar, is also a disaccharide composed of fructose and glucose. Glucose is a six-sided sugar and fructose is a five-sided sugar. Lactase is an enzyme that breaks lactose down into galactose and glucose. Lactase can be purchased in pill form by people who are lactose intolerant. These people lack the enzyme, lactase, and cannot break down the sugar lactose into its component parts. Although lactose is similar to sucrose, lactase will break down only lactose because of the shape of the sugar. In this lab, you will see lactase break lactose down into galactose and glucose. You will also observe what happens if the shape of lactase is changed due to heating. Materials/ resources: * Lactase tablets: these can be bought in any drug store or grocery store. Fifteen milliliters of milk: any milk will work. Water: used for dissolving the lactase tablet, dissolving the sucrose and boiling the lactase. * Sucrose: five grams per group. * One hundred milliliter graduated cylinder/ten milliliter graduated cylinder: measuring water and enzyme amounts. * Three four hundred milliliter beakers: used for dissolving the lactase tablet, dissolving the sucrose and boiling the lactase. * Five test tubes: these tubes hold the different solution mixtures. * Test tube rack: hold the test tubes. * Marking pencil: mark the test tubes so that confusion does not occur. * Clock * Hot plate with a Pyrex test tube for denaturing the enzyme. Glucose test strips: these strips can be found in any drugstore. Stirring rod: helps to mix up the lactase tablet in the water. Lab procedures: 1. Gather the materials. 2. Label the test tubes with the following labels: 0 A. Test tube with skim milk and enzyme solution. B. Test tube with skim milk and water. C. Test tube with skim milk and denatured enzyme solution. D. Test tube with sucrose solution and enzyme solution. E. Test tube with sucrose solution and water. 3. In test tube A add two milliliters of skim milk and one milliliter of enzyme solution. 4. Time for two minutes and test for glucose with the glucose test tape. Record this data in table 1. If there was glucose present mark a ‘+’ in the table. If glucose was absent, mark a ‘-’ in the table. 5. In test tube B add two milliliters of skim milk and one milliliter of water. 6. Repeat step 4. 7. In test tube C add two milliliters of skim milk and one milliliter of denatured enzyme solution. 8. Repeat step 4. 9. In test tube D add two milliliters of the sucrose solution and one milliliter of enzyme solution. 10. Repeat step 4. 11. In test tube E add two milliliters of the sucrose solution and one milliliter of water. 12. Repeat steps 4. Results: Glucose Presence in the Following Solutions| Type of Solution| Positive or Negative Glucose Result| Test tube A: milk and enzyme solution| Â  | Test tube B: milk and water| Â  | Test tube C: milk and denatured enzyme solution| Â  | Test Tube D: sucrose solution and enzyme solution| Â  | Test Tube E: sucrose solution and water| Â  | | Conclusion and Questions: 1. Diagram and describe the lactose and lactase reaction (may need to research this). 2. Why did the enzyme react to lactose but not to sucrose? 3. What happened when the enzyme was boiled? 4. Another way to affect the enzyme is by lowering the pH of the solution. However, lactase is supposed to be able to work in the stomach. Would lowering the pH of the enzyme solution affect the enzyme? Why or why not? 5. What type of reaction is this? Dehydration or hydrolysis? Content to be covered in conclusion paragraphs: It should explain the general conclusions of the lab. May refer back to background information to help explain the conclusion of the lab. Should refer back to the GENERAL data in the results. Restate the purpose and state whether the hypothesis was correct or not and why. Clearly state and explains how at least THREE errors may have occurred in the lab. Also explains common pitfalls a person SHOULD avoid.

The Necessity Of Responsible Parenting

This is because, it is mostly true. For example, how does a person become sophisticated or fancy? How does someone become barbaric? How does someone become holy? Of course a sophisticated/fancy person grew up with sophisticated people (I. E. , Mother, Father, Relatives etc.. ) and of course a barbaric person grew up with barbaric people and holy people grew up with other holy people. Imagine how can a fancy person grew up at the â€Å"squatters area† given the case that their family has trouble eating three times a day?Sure, it can be possible. But the odds of it to happen is unfavorable. Getting straight to the point, one of the factors that contributes to the child's character reflects on how he is raised and his rounding's. Now, how DOES responsible parenting help produce a successful child? According to the scientific researches, children often follow their parents' behavior. Which means, that imitation is a fundamental part in the growing process Of a child because it is one Of the natural ways Of learning.Therefore if you're a parent and you show him proper etiquette and good manners, the child will grow up into a well behaved individual. Another important influence of good parenting is that it promotes the academic success of students. After leaving pre-school or kindergarten, children approach an entirely new environment, the primary school. They must change their habit of playing whatever they want and whenever they want to an inevitable horrifying fate, which is the responsibility for studying well.At this very first stage, children integrate their studying method from the elder members in their family, like their mom or dad, when the child sees their mom and dad work hard because of the possibility that they mightn't brought home some of their work, then the child will try to imitate that and may result to a better study habit, which really affects their results in the long future. All of these would exult in an excellent academic aftereffect. And the last but not the least, children would be healthier in account of their parents' concern.The diet of children is mostly prepared by other family members. The way parent control various nutritious elements forms the children's habit, which can hardly be changed. If they get familiar with a balanced diet, they may enjoy a healthy life style in the future. Besides, a good, loving and responsible parent would explain to their children the large importance of physical exercises and encourage them to do these beneficial things to stay fit and healthy for being lately will benefit them in the long run. After stating all of these, you the reader, what will you do now?

Czech mass media essays

Czech mass media essays The Czech mass media market after the Velvet revolution had to overcome many levels of evolution, but also several crises. These could be naturally connected with the problems of such a difficult transformation from the communist to the capitalist ideology. One of them is the media control another one is the ownership itself, others can be considered as issues related to economical and political tensions in the Czech Republic for the last fourteen years. The authors of the text Changes in the structure of Czech Mass Media are guiding us throw the history, the development and the possible future situation of the mass media in the Czech Republic. Even though, I fully agree with the overall insight to the Czech media world, I would say that the authors are concentrating mainly on the print media. In my opinion, it could be very interesting to highlight the situation of the Czech audiovisual media in more detailed scope as well. Therefore, I would like to concentrate mainly on the role a nd the switch of the Czech audiovisual media from the communist era to the democracy. Beginning with the past, I would like to spot the role of the television in former Czechoslovak Socialistic Republic. Considering the fact that the television has the unparalleled ability to expose, dramatize, and popularize cultural bits and fragments of information. When, it does so in routine transmission of entertainment programs, news and commercials. The bits and fragments then become ideological currency in social exchange. The television may be the most obvious conveyer of such dominant ideologies. This is also how the socialist or communist ideology worked in the Czechoslovakia. The communist used to stress nationalistic rhetoric with ever lasting bond of the Soviet Union. Together with the use of censorship and socialistic propaganda, people used to think that their life is not as bad. The Czechoslovakian media presented the world behind the boar...

Israeli Prime Ministers Since Establishment of the State in 1948

Israeli Prime Ministers Since Establishment of the State in 1948 Since the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948, the prime minister is the head of the Israeli government and the most powerful figure in Israeli politics. Although the president of Israel is the countrys head of state, his powers are largely ceremonial; the prime minister holds most of the real power. The official residence of the prime minister, Beit Rosh Hamemshala, is in Jerusalem. The Knesset is the national legislature of Israel. As the legislative branch of the Israeli government, the Knesset passes all laws, elects the president and prime minister, although the prime minister is ceremonially appointed by the president, approves the cabinet, and supervises the work of the government. Israels Prime Ministers Since 1948 Following an election, the president nominates a member of the Knesset to become prime minister after asking party leaders whom they support for the position. The nominee then presents a government platform and must receive a vote of confidence in order to become prime minister. In practice, the prime minister is usually the leader of the largest party in the governing coalition. Between 1996 and 2001, the prime minister was directly elected, separately from the Knesset. Israeli Prime Minister Years Party David Ben-Gurion 1948-1954 Mapai Moshe Sharett 1954-1955 Mapai David Ben-Gurion 1955-1963 Mapai Levi Eshkol 1963-1969 Mapai/Alignment/Labor Golda Meir 1969-1974 Alignment/Labor Yitzhak Rabin 1974-1977 Alignment/Labor Menachem Begin 1977-1983 Likud Yitzhak Shamir 1983-1984 Likud Shimon Peres 1984-1986 Alignment/Labor Yitzhak Shamir 1986-1992 Likud Yitzhak Rabin 1992-1995 Labor Shimon Peres 1995-1996 Labor Benjamin Netanyahu 1996-1999 Likud Ehud Barak 1999-2001 One Israel/Labor Ariel Sharon 2001-2006 Likud/Kadima Ehud Olmert 2006-2009 Kadima Benjamin Netanyahu 2009-present Likud Order of Succession If the prime minister dies in office, the cabinet chooses an interim prime minister, to run the government until a new government is placed in power. According to Israeli law, if a prime minister is temporarily incapacitated rather than dies, power is transferred to the  acting prime minister, until the prime minister recovers, for up to 100 days. If the prime minister is declared permanently incapacitated, or that period expires, the President of Israel oversees the process of assembling a new governing coalition, and in the meantime, the acting prime minister or other incumbent minister is appointed by the cabinet to serve as an interim prime minister. Parliamentary Parties of the Prime Ministers The Mapai Party was the party of the first prime minister of Israel during the formation of the state. It was considered  the dominant force in Israeli politics until its merger into the modern-day Labor Party in 1968. The party introduced progressive reforms such as the  establishment of a welfare state, providing a minimum income, security, and access to housing subsidies and health and social services. The Alignment was a group of consisting of the Mapai and Ahdut Haavoda-Poalei Zion parties around the time of the sixth Knesset. The group later included the newly formed Israel Labor Party and Mapam. The Independent Liberal Party joined the Alignment around the 11th Knesset. The Labor Party was a parliamentary group formed in the course of the 15th Knesset after Gesher left One Israel and included the Labor Party and Meimad, which was a moderate religious party, that never ran independently in Knesset elections. One Israel, the party of Ehud Barak, was made up of the Labor Party, Gesher and Meimad during the 15th Knesset. The Kadima was established towards the end of the 16th Knesset, a new parliamentary group, Achrayut Leumit, which means National Responsibility, split off from the Likud. Approximately two months later, Acharayut Leumit changed its name to Kadima. The Likud was established in 1973 around the time of the elections for the eighth Knesset. It consisted of the Herut Movement, the Liberal Party, the Free Center, the National List and Greater Israel Activists.

Reading Comprehension Worksheet 1 Answers

Reading Comprehension Worksheet 1 Answers If you have gone through the Reading Comprehension Worksheet 1 Escaping the Endless Adolescence,  then  read the answers below. These reading comprehension worksheet answers are affiliated with the article, so they wont make much sense by themselves. Reading Comprehension Worksheet 1 Answers Escaping the Endless Adolescence 1. This passage is narrated from the point of view of (C) a concerned therapist who works with struggling young adults. Why? A is incorrect because it uses the word bulimia, and the disorder was anorexia. Plus, you wouldnt expect concerned parents to take their child to see a college professor for help. B is incorrect because its an older person telling the story. D is incorrect because sleeping and compulsive disorders are never discussed nor implied. E is incorrect because a college student would not have an office or visits from concerned parents. 2. According to the worksheet passage, Perrys two biggest problems were (A) being an unhappy achiever and his parents increase of his mental strain. Why? Look at lines 26–27 and lines 38–39. The problems are stated explicitly. 3. The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) describe one young mans struggle with anorexia and, in doing so, provide possible reasons a young person may resort to an eating disorder. Why? To start, look at the verbs at the beginning of the answers. You can get rid of answer choices B and C because the passage neither advocates for anyone nor compares anything. D is incorrect because the passage is largely unemotional, and E is wrong because its too broad: The passage focuses on one young man and his struggle more than it focuses on todays youth as a whole. 4. The author uses which of the following in the sentence starting on line 18: But beneath his academic success, Perry faced a world of troubles, and while he took awhile to get to know, eventually the problems came pouring out? (E) metaphor Why? But beneath his academic success, Perry faced a world of troubles, and while he took awhile to get to know, eventually the problems came pouring out. Actually, the sentence in the passage uses two metaphors: world of troubles and pouring out. The author compares the amount of troubles facing Perry to a world without using the word like or as. He also compares Perrys relating of his troubles to pouring, two explicitly different ideas connected without the simile signifiers. 5. In the second  sentence of the last paragraph, the word inadvertently most nearly means (D) mistakenly Why? Heres where your vocabulary knowledge or your ability to understand vocab words in context comes in handy. If you didnt know the meaning of the word, you could assume some things based on the text: But in their efforts to nurture and support him, his parents inadvertently increased his mental strain. Nurturing and supporting are positive things. With the but you know that the opposite is true in the last part of the sentence, so you could assume that the parents didnt mean to increase his mental strain, thus, answer D.

Journal opining article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal opining article - Essay Example Additionally, spending policies need to be well scrutinized prior to making any economic moves, especially in the present day world. Wessel adds on to indicate that, being able to change the spending policies and the tax policies is essential whilst considering the current economic times and changes in governance (11). Wessel explains that if tax reforms focus on increasing the economic growth rate, then the scorekeepers need to take into account the growth spurt including the extra revenue collected in a specific financial year (12). This aspect, which has a direct implication on the economy, finds support and backup from numerous persons. Wessel is of the opinion that significant legislation in the normal routine gets tweaked such that the tally matches the promises of the proponents not just for bragging rights, but it clears the hurdles in parliament (11). Wessel, in his article, claims that when campaigns culminate and there is legislation of the promises, the joint tax committe e and the congressional budget office makes decisions on the various proposals made (12). According to Wessel, so as to stabilize the economy, there is a need to consider basic precepts (11). This is to mean that the economy growth requires clear guidelines and operation mechanisms. Wessel explains that the precepts are that accounting should not interfere with the congress in passing legislation which improves the growth in the economy (11). So as to have quick glimpse of economic growth, accounting should not permit to the pretense of the congress that every cut in tax caters for its expenditure. It is also vital to note that accounting should also not allow the assumption by the congress that there is a cost free spending on education. This spending, according to Wessel, not only increases the productivity of workers, but also has a massive positive impact on the economy (12). Wessel also argues that at some point when there are numerous changes in the tax plan, the various autho rities that have the function of implementing the changes, figure out that people and businesses respond in the event that the congress puts in plans and changes (12). Some of the changes in relation to Wessel include cut capital-gains in the tax rates whereby, shareholders sell the profits that they have and consequently lead to a surge in the revenue on a temporary basis (12). Ian endeavor to increase spending and elevate the economy, there is a need to set aside funds to the Medicare providers. In the long run, this will lead to an increase in spending in the economy. Changes in the subsidies for farmers make them dedicate more energy to production, for instance growing more crops leading to more profit, which in turn are dedicated to raising the economy. According to the article by Wessel, official tags on legislation do not consider the results of a bill on the overall economy (11). In the view of Wessel, this can, in simple terms be referred to as dynamic scoring (11). Additio nally, whilst analyzing the fiscal policies in an economy, it is vital to note that the bodies that implement the tax rates do not incorporate the macroeconomic effects. Changing the rules made by the congress will therefore become incomplete and consume a lot of time. Changing these rules, in regard to Wessel, also depends on the models of the economy and requires judgment calls (12). The author explains that some of the bills put in place focus on extending income

Globalized Society Erases Borders Between People Essay

Globalized Society Erases Borders Between People - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that Western religion is mostly Christian (including all the confessions) which presupposes certain ethics and beliefs, so western religious traditions are totally different from the eastern ones. For example, Chinese original religion Confucianism cannot be even called â€Å"religion† as it looks like just a certain ethical doctrine based on political values. Meanwhile, Indian-originated Buddhism is totally metaphysical and partly mythical religion that also doesn’t have such traditional god as westerners understand the concept of god. But as we can see, nowadays we are far from that times when different religious views influenced people’s communication. Moreover, we even use each other’s practices in everyday life; for instance, such eastern religious practice like yoga has become widely popular among westerners so far, as it is quite applicable even separately from the religion it belongs to. This paper highlights that as we live in the world without any borders we frequently interact with multiple cultures. Meeting them, we can often feel like we are being misunderstood at the very beginning. But it is the matter of time. Just in short notice it becomes easy for us to understand each other like if we were from the same culture, because in fact our fundamental assumptions about the world don’t play important role in our communication. This is obviously the result of globalization of society, as we don’t even notice that with availability of information worldwide our cultures are slowly mixing and integrating with each other. Another reason is global migration of people from different cultures to other places to live, because they bring their cultures and often disseminate information about them within the new environment. Both eastern and western people study at the same universities and learn the same things.  

Knowledge Management Individual Assignment Essay

Knowledge Management Individual Assignment - Essay Example Knowledge Management is one of the hottest topics in the fields of management and information technology. Several activities are involved in the process of knowledge management. Out of the many, the most commonly cited and discussed knowledge management activity is knowledge sharing or transfer (Ford, et al., 2003). Knowledge sharing is observed to be critical towards the success of today’s business organisation (Davenport, and Prusak, 1998). This is so because it results in deployment of knowledge to certain organisational portions at a rapid rate which can prove to be highly beneficial for the organisation (Syed-Ikhsan, and Rowland, 2004). Knowledge management can thus be considered as a socio-technical system that includes different form of storage, generation, sharing and representation of knowledge. Specific functional features of knowledge management are found to be always based on certain assumptions that are inherent to the cultural backgrounds of the people who either create or manage them. However, if people having national or professional cultural backgrounds use these systems in a way that differs from those intended by its designers, it might actually result in inhibiting the process of knowledge sharing in organisations (Branch, 1997). This study entails about analysing the impact that organisational culture has on the knowledge sharing environment of the companies in general. Communities of Practice and Knowledge Management Communities of Practice (CoPs) have received renewed attention in the recent years mainly in the field of different ways of managing the social and human aspects of knowledge dissemination and creation within the firms. One can find various existing literature that are related to the discussion of CoPs in the knowledge management literature (Davenport, and Prusak, 1998; Wasko, and Faraj, 2000; Wenger, et al., 2002; Ardichvili, et al., 2003). Lave, and Wenger (1991) were the first to coin the term community of practice a nd it can be defined as a system of activity wherein the participants are involved in sharing their understanding related to their present activities performed in the organisation and how they are valued in their lives and the communities. One of the assumptions that is central to the concept of CoP is that community members who are adjudged to be less experienced are involved in a learning process received from the social interactions with the community members who are considered to be experts of a specific domain of knowledge (Lave, and Wenger, 1991). One of the most important benefits of CoP is its ability to generate or disseminate tacit knowledge. This type of knowledge cannot be communicated easily because most of the times it is either embedded in a particular context or is intuitive in nature (Nonaka, 1994). This type of tacit knowledge possessed by an organisation is believed to be critical towards the sustainable competitive advantage gained by the companies because others cannot easily copy or imitate it (Liedtka, 1999). Brown and Duguid (1991) have argued that internalising and sharing tacit knowledge needs

Celebrities as Role Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Celebrities as Role Models - Essay Example Additionally, many Americans still know these names and the accomplishments attached to them. But, in recent decades, the most respected and famous names are individuals who have had virtually no positive impact upon society. These people are celebrities. They are people such as Britney Spears, Paris Hilton, and Ray Lewis. Unfortunately, individuals in society often seek to imitate those people who society values. American society values the celebrity, so many people choose to imitate the actions of celebrities. While it is safe to assume that most adults can make moral judgments about a celebrity’s actions and then choose to condone or condemn the behavior, most children lack the intellectual development needed to make these types of judgments. As such, children are prone to imitating the negative actions of the celebrity role models society presents, and this imitation has lasting effects on the child’s development. One area of a child’s development that celebr ity role models affect is moral development. Originally, American society promoted figures whose behavior and accomplishments were morally upright. Every child learned the example of Abraham Lincoln, who could not tell a lie. Schools and other socializing institutions used these figures to teach children the morals that they should adopt and imitate. Currently, American society promotes celebrities whose morals are questionable, at best, and reprehensible, at worst. As Paul Hollander states regarding how American society chooses celebrities in â€Å"Why the Celebrity Cult?,† â€Å"Moral qualifications in particular are unimportant and irrelevant—it is being well known that matters not moral character.† This statement does not mean that all celebrities are immoral, as many do promote moral values and causes, but children are exposed to many negative influences in the celebrities society pushes at them. Take an example of a celebrity who Disney touted as a model f or children, Miley Cyrus. In her show, Hannah Montana on the Disney Channel, Miley Cyrus portrayed a character that embodied moral values that were positive. However, this role did not give her the level of celebrity that she currently enjoys. That resulted from videos of her smoking a drug from a bong, taking controversial sexualized photographs for a magazine, and performing sexualized dance routines while still under the age of eighteen. The message to children in this case is clear. One does not become famous for performing as a positive role model but by performing controversial acts in which children should not engage, acts such as drug use and the sexualization of children. Another area of the child’s development that celebrity affects is intellectual development. Instead of promoting figures known for their intellectual accomplishments, American society ignores these influential people in preference to celebrities. Early American hero Benjamin Franklin was a positive role model who had great success as an inventor and scientist, uncovering many scientific concepts and applying them in a range of devices. Writers who achieved fame early in American history were known for the excellence of their intellect. Mark Twain skewered society with a rapier wit. To be famous, a child would want to imitate the intellectual accomplishments of these figures. Now, the celebrities that children seek to imitate â€Å"aren’t particularly well-educated and informed. They’

ART HISTORY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ART HISTORY - Assignment Example Through the friendship, the affiliates of Kino sculpture were reassured of free enterprise on the either side of the borderland. More so, the proponents so the sculpture of Kino as the reminder of modernization that will encourage economic development and prosperity through the removal of discrimination. Paradoxically, those who opposed it so took it as a poignant reminder of discrimination that was prominent at his time (Widdifiied 212). On the other hand, the Villa sculpture was also received with both hospitable and hostile response. The proponents of the Villa sculpture perceived it as a source of inspiration for the continued pursuit of justice and equality as he did in his time of struggle with impartiality. Widdifiied, the mission that Villa came up with in Christianity that helped many through faith are among sweet memory the sculpture invokes (220). Those that opposed the sculpture were a reminder of the sad regional history of those days. To them, a sculpture was evocative of the struggle that the two regions have

Celebrities as Role Models Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Celebrities as Role Models - Essay Example Additionally, many Americans still know these names and the accomplishments attached to them. But, in recent decades, the most respected and famous names are individuals who have had virtually no positive impact upon society. These people are celebrities. They are people such as Britney Spears, Paris Hilton, and Ray Lewis. Unfortunately, individuals in society often seek to imitate those people who society values. American society values the celebrity, so many people choose to imitate the actions of celebrities. While it is safe to assume that most adults can make moral judgments about a celebrity’s actions and then choose to condone or condemn the behavior, most children lack the intellectual development needed to make these types of judgments. As such, children are prone to imitating the negative actions of the celebrity role models society presents, and this imitation has lasting effects on the child’s development. One area of a child’s development that celebr ity role models affect is moral development. Originally, American society promoted figures whose behavior and accomplishments were morally upright. Every child learned the example of Abraham Lincoln, who could not tell a lie. Schools and other socializing institutions used these figures to teach children the morals that they should adopt and imitate. Currently, American society promotes celebrities whose morals are questionable, at best, and reprehensible, at worst. As Paul Hollander states regarding how American society chooses celebrities in â€Å"Why the Celebrity Cult?,† â€Å"Moral qualifications in particular are unimportant and irrelevant—it is being well known that matters not moral character.† This statement does not mean that all celebrities are immoral, as many do promote moral values and causes, but children are exposed to many negative influences in the celebrities society pushes at them. Take an example of a celebrity who Disney touted as a model f or children, Miley Cyrus. In her show, Hannah Montana on the Disney Channel, Miley Cyrus portrayed a character that embodied moral values that were positive. However, this role did not give her the level of celebrity that she currently enjoys. That resulted from videos of her smoking a drug from a bong, taking controversial sexualized photographs for a magazine, and performing sexualized dance routines while still under the age of eighteen. The message to children in this case is clear. One does not become famous for performing as a positive role model but by performing controversial acts in which children should not engage, acts such as drug use and the sexualization of children. Another area of the child’s development that celebrity affects is intellectual development. Instead of promoting figures known for their intellectual accomplishments, American society ignores these influential people in preference to celebrities. Early American hero Benjamin Franklin was a positive role model who had great success as an inventor and scientist, uncovering many scientific concepts and applying them in a range of devices. Writers who achieved fame early in American history were known for the excellence of their intellect. Mark Twain skewered society with a rapier wit. To be famous, a child would want to imitate the intellectual accomplishments of these figures. Now, the celebrities that children seek to imitate â€Å"aren’t particularly well-educated and informed. They’

Countering Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Countering Terrorism - Essay Example Different quotas have used different methods trying to stop terrorism all over the world. In essence, the counter terrorism procedure incorporates both the exposure of potential acts and the reaction to related events (Maras, 2012). Counter terrorism is known to include standard police and domestic intelligence. It has both traditional and modern technology. In terms of traditional methods, there is interception of communication and tracing of persons. On the other hand, the new technology entails the range of military and law enforcement operations (Crenshaw, 2010). It is a common occurrence that terrorism has continued to cause pain and suffering on the lives of people all over the world. In fact, every single day does not go down without the act of terrorism being detected in a particular part of the world, as having affected innocent people who happen to be at the wrong place at the wrong time, this is one of the many unfortunate cases that has raised interest in one of the most renowned international defenders of Human Rights organizations, the United Nations, an agenda that is been discussed currently. According to Hughes, et al 2011, the impact of terrorism on human beings has devastating consequences especially on the right to life, liberty and physical integrity of the victims. Additionally, terrorism destabilizes most governments, undermine the freedom of civil society, tampers with peace and security in the conflict zones, as well as, those surrounding them, and further threatens the social and economic development of nations a factor that is tagged on the impact of enjoying human rights. Governments obligation such as security and protection of individuals, which is a basic human right is not respected as expected (Crenshaw, 2010). In the past years, numerous methods have been used by governments and states towards the curbing of terrorism. However, a high percentage of these measures and methods have continually posed challenges to human rights and the rule of law. In fact, some of these states have engaged in human torture and other ill treatments to counter terrorism disregarding the legal and watchdogs that have been put in place to prevent torture. Maras, 2012 argues that, other states and governments have deported suspected persons of engaging in terrorism to their mother countries where they are subjected to excessive torture, over and above, human rights abuse that is directly associated to violation of international legal obligations. Needless to mention, independence of the judiciary had been ignored and undermined by a substantial number of states and governments while the use of special courts to handle suspected persons of terrorism have seriously impacted the normal running of the general court processing. Some of the developing states and government have used resources that are allocated for social programmes and economic development for the security purposes, a situation that has affected the economic, social a nd cultural rights to many. Principally, combating terrorism has been hugely associated with the use of military, human torture, and the abuse of human rights. Apparently, it is essential that states and government should begin using other methods other than military engagement to stop terrorism all over the world. Crenshaw 2010 asserts that some of these methods include; counter terrorism strategy for

Personal portrait Essay Example for Free

Personal portrait Essay Erickson hypothesized that the personality of a person develops in universal and observable patterns corresponding to the ways a human fetus develops. 1 He said that trust is developed in infancy. If one has been nurtured with trust around him, a child learns to trust others. Erickson gave emphasis on the mother’s positive and loving care for the child through constant touch. Erickson believed that if one grows with nurturing love and attention, a child will develop the sense of trust with people around him. He will grow up and live life confidently knowing that he is safe. If one may observe, an infant is constantly looking for her mother, he grows anxious and begins to cry if he cannot see his mother. This is so because the mother’s presence comforts the infant, giving him the feeling that with her mother beside him, he will be safe. He knows instinctively that his physical and emotional needs will always be attended to by her mother. A child who did not develop the sense of trust in infancy can become frustrated because she will grow up learning to doubt others, thus creating negativity within him. When this child grows up, developing relationships may pose a problem. I am with the belief that my mother has nurtured me with the love and care in my infancy. For now that I am grown, it is easy for me to trust people and believe what other people say. Relating with others has never been a problem and knowing that I can count on others for support and assistance makes me try out things and endeavors with excellence in mind. My mother once told me that I had always been a pleasant child. I readily smile when touched; always ready to be cheered and giggle when tickled. So I suppose my mother nurtured me well in infancy, for I was a contented and adorable baby. The second psychosocial stage of Erickson is the Early Childhood. This is between the ages of 18 months to 3years. This is the group of toddlers. Most people are charmed by toddlers, especially when they act or speak like adults. A child in this stage loves to role-play and ask endless questions. They love to explore and investigate things that capture their interest that is why they tinker with their toy and ends up destroying it. It is at this stage when the child’s curiosity is at its peak, thus, all their questions should be answered clearly. It is the age when they learn to walk, run and jump, thus, they hate to be cuddled and restrained. Any attempt to withhold them from any mishap would earn a resounding NO! from them. This is the word they love to say over and over again. A parent should balance encouragement and restrain because an overprotective mother could wreak havoc on a son’s ego. He might grow up becoming overly dependent on others. Also, a child who is criticized for behaviors may grow up to have low self-esteem, afraid to try things because of fear of being criticized or ridiculed. I must have been a handful for my docile mom for she tells me the joys of my childhood days, how small but terrible I was; how I loved to explore and run and scream with gusto, I had my fill of playing that I always end up tired and helpless at the day’s end. She said I was such a ball of curiosity. I loved to learn. My thirst for knowledge is immense, which must have been triggered by my mother’s relentless ability to let me be. Learn things the way I want to, used my senses in developing ideas, and gather experiences that would be ingrained in my mind till now. The next stage is the play age known as the initiative vs. guilt. This occurs between ages 3-6 years. It is during these years when a child learns initiative and develops sense of responsibility and independence. Thus it is necessary that a child should be guided to learn the skills necessary to develop their self-concept and discipline. Parents can teach the child through examples. It is important that parents realize that a child in this stage should develop a positive moral concept thus; the standards parents impose must be realistic and doable for the child. He should be given tasks which are adept to his motor skills such as sweeping the floor, washing the dishes, setting the table etc. Giving him tasks to perform builds his self-confidence and enhance his understanding of responsibility. The 4th stage of Erickson, developmental theory is the industry vs. inferiority. This comprises the age of 7 to 12 years. In this stage, the child learns that if he does well in school, he can win the appreciation and admiration of his parents, friends and teachers. The opinions of others are important to him. Thus a child shows industry in finishing his school works and exerts efforts to show efficiency. According to Allen and Marotz (2003), children at this age are becoming more aware of themselves as individuals. They work hard at being responsible, being good and doing it right. 2 The child also develop his moral values at this stage. A child who is ridiculed for getting poor grades may feel shame and regard himself as inferior to others. I pride myself in the fact that going to school was never a chore. It was an activity for me each day, looking forward to meeting my friends and teachers, learning things and sharing my experiences in school. The next stage is the Identity vs. Role Confusion between ages of 12-18 years. It is the stage where one grapples with the concept of his own identity. The individual is neither a child nor an adult. The task is to discover one’s own identity separate and distinct from others. We create a special bond with our friends. Those that we can relate to and identify with. I am fortunate to have a group of friends whom I have bonded with during my high school years. We shared the same interests and always had a great time with each other. Each day does not seem enough for us to enjoy one’s company, we never seem to run out of stories to tell, problems to share with and crushes to keep. My adolescent period is where I gathered most of my great experiences in life, the essence of friendship and the worth of knowledge and what it takes to pursue one’ goal in life. The young adulthood stage of Erikson covers the 19-40 age group referred to as the psychosocial crisis of intimacy vs. isolation. According to Erik Erickson the young adult stage, Intimacy vs. Isolation, is emphasized around the ages of 19 to 34. At the start of the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage, identity vs. role confusion is coming to an end and it still lingers at the foundation of the stage (Erikson 1950). Young adults are still eager to blend their identities with friends. They want to fit in. When we arrive at stage six we should be prepared for intimacy, a close personal relationship, and isolation, the fact of being alone and separated from others. A balance between intimacy and isolation makes love possible as we must know how to be alone in order to learn to truly love. Having a balanced stage 6 will help tremendously later in the coming stages when unwelcome or unexpected isolation surfaces, for example, the death of a spouse or a loved one (Erikson, Erikson, Kivnick 1986)3 This stage speaks of commitment, of rejection and on how one is prepared for it. I for one value intimacy and commitment. I chose to be married and live a happy life together with the one I have chosen to spend it with. Once married, I intend to have it for eternity, battling all trials and hardship with the belief that love can surpass obstacles. The family values that had been inculcated in me, I want to nurture by raising a family of my own. The next stage of Erickson’s developmental theory is known as the generativity vs. , stagnation otherwise known as middle adulthood for the 40-65 years old. It is simply seeing what you have done and seeing how you have progressed as an individual. If you have lived your life well, and raised a family of your own, it is the stage when you simply give guidance to your children on how to raise their own children. It is simply witnessing the unfolding of another generation. While stagnation is that of simply stagnating. Not having lived your life well. Wasting years of life. As early as now, I intend to make my life a success, by raising a family I can be proud of, living a comfortable life that will make myself proud, and watch my children live their life in the way I have raised them. Being there for them to help them face their trials in life. Supporting them in the best way I can, and guiding them on how to deal with realities of this world. The last stage is the integrity vs. despair. This stage speaks of the individual who has aged and has gotten old. It is the time of looking back and assessing what you have done with your life, how you lived it. Is it something you can be proud of, or is one which you should be ashamed of. The adage of â€Å"reaping what you sow† is fitting here, because, it speaks of what you have sowed in life. Is there a sense of fulfillment? Like, if you have children, were you able to send them all to school? How are they now? But if one lived life less sensibly, then I suppose, despair would be in store for him in his golden days. Kohlberg’s stages of moral development discuss morality into three levels: The Pre-conventional Morality which is childhood and is defined as â€Å"obeying rules and avoiding negative consequences. † 4 Where the rules set by parents define moral law. The conventional level between the ages of 9 to adolescence, â€Å"where children begin to understand what is expected of hem by their parents, teachers etc† and the Post-conventional level which is adulthood. Where â€Å"Morality is seen as upholding the values of your group or culture. 5 Erickson’s theory of development can be compared to Kohlberg’s theory of moral development in the way a child is raised. The morality standards of the parents are the guiding principles of the parents in raising their child. For example, if punishment is used in disciplining a child, obedience can be solicited because the child fears punishment. An adolescent would behave in a manner that is expected of him, in accordance with the moral values inculcated in him. Rules will be followed in the way the individual was made to conform to it. Kohlberg’s moral development satisfies Erickson’s developmental theory that satisfying the child’s need is good and moral; that obeying expectations is seen as moral; meeting expected performance is good and moral. People in varying situations, in different culture, react differently to a given situation. Addressing a particular situation in accordance with ones values is moral. Meaning what is right or wrong is perceived in accordance with one’s personal beliefs. The implication of these development theories in gender difference, environment, cultural and ethnic influences can be shown in delimiting gender stereotypes. It is to be noticed that both young girls and boys are energetic and vigorous in their motor activities, hence, teachers should not make assumptions that â€Å"monkey bars† are only for boys or that literature depicting racial discriminations should be avoided. The theories enunciates that development is universal and that morality issue differs from each culture and race; and acting in ones own personal belief is moral, hence, should be respected and accepted as such.

The Expectancy Theory Of Motivation And Company X Management Essay

The Expectancy Theory Of Motivation And Company X Management Essay Company X produces a line of audio products for the industry professional and prides themselves on the efforts to provide the highest quality available. Furthermore, the company touted high production standards while attaining their goals. Implementation of a newly-designed production process to enable employees to achieve their production goals occurred and their efforts have not been successful. Observations have included a lack of effort to master the process, deficiency in reaching those goals by those who have mastered it, and a lack of concern regarding goal achievement from individuals who are regularly top producers. Through interviews and informal conversations that were conducted, employee concerns were expressed and the result has been a breakdown in the relationships and components in the expectancy theory of motivation. The attitude of Company Xs production staff and the lack of motivation to complete goals is a direct result of a breakdown in the relationships within th e expectancy theory of motivation. Building the Expectancy Theory of Motivation Definition Victor Vrooms expectancy theory of motivation relates that employees within an organization will be motivated when they hold certain beliefs to be true. The strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and the attractiveness of the outcome to the individual (Robbins Judge, 2007). The theory is comprised of three relationships, or variables, that behave much like a chain. When all three are successfully satisfied, then motivation is fully achieved. When one of the relationships is broken or out of sync, then it is not. The result is a combined lack of efficiency, minimum effort, and no goal attainment. Component 1: Expectancy Expectancy is built upon the belief that effort exerted will beget recognition of favorable performance. Several factors can interfere with this piece of the motivation equation. These variables include the belief that a worker has the skills and ability to perform their tasks successfully, how difficult the goals are to achieve and where they fall in relation to the workers expectations, and whether there is any control over their performance. For example, if a departments members share the belief that no matter how hard they work, the likelihood of getting a good performance appraisal is low, then motivation will be low due to a low level of expectancy (Robbins Judge, 2007). Component 2: Instrumentality Instrumentality is defined as the belief that if a person meets or exceeds expectations, then they receive a greater reward than those who do not. Instrumentality will be low if the rewards follow all levels of performance with no distinction between what is acceptable and unacceptable. It is influenced greatly by the trust employees have in their leaders and the likelihood that the promises of reward for good performance is believable. Another factor that determines the level of instrumentality present is demonstrated when the workers do not trust the leaders, yet have the ability to control the rewards system through another means. This control raises instrumentality. Policies also affect instrumentality; the formal documentation of pay and other rewards and benefits contributes to raising levels of instrumentality. Component 3: Valence The third component within the expectancy theory of motivation is valence. Valence is the level of value that an individual places on the rewards as a function of their needs, goals, and values. The employees preferences will determine the level of valence present for motivation. If the worker desires a certain reward but receives another, the level of valence will be lower. Higher levels of valence are present when the understanding of the individual employees goals are understood by their leader and are then considered along with the relationship between their efforts and performance. Good effort equates to good performance when a strong relationship is present (Robbins Judge, 2007). Correcting the Motivation Problem Company X is experiencing dysfunction within the expectancy theory of motivation and thusly, motivation is low. The workers are not motivated to expend the extra effort to meet the high standards and production goals as a result. Expectancy is low, as are the levels of instrumentality and valence. Correcting these problems is achieved by addressing concerns to raise the levels of these three variables. Raising Expectancy Levels Expectancy levels at Company X are suffering. The employees do not put any extra effort into mastering the new production process and those who have done so are not putting forth the effort to achieve goals as the company has directed. Some of the employees stated that they cant be successful because they do not believe they have the skills to do so. Suggestions to correct these problems would include providing extra training time to enable the employees to gain the hand dexterity they believe they are lacking. This would boost their confidence in the new process and give them the tools to achieve the new goals while fostering the belief that the goals are realistic to meet. Boosting their skills and ability to complete the tasks successfully leads to higher performance and also returns control of their perceived performance levels back to the employees. Raising Instrumentality Levels Instrumentality levels are faltering at Company X as well. In Supervisor Bs informal conversations with Supervisor As employees, it is noted that there is no difference in salary increases for workers who meet departmental goals and those who do not. Workers feel as if they are resigned to the rewards system currently in place and they dont see a difference in salary increases or bonuses based on merit. Recognition is therefore non-existent, and the reward for all employees regardless of performance sends the wrong message. Workers do not have to meet goals to receive rewards and they are not motivated to work to attain the higher standards. In fact, salary is only affected if performance is very slow. Because the employees do not feel the recognition for a job well done co-exists with more stringent guidelines for when a poor job is done, they do not put forth the extra effort. This relationship in the expectancy theory is broken. An improved system of handling performance appraisals needs to be implemented. Ideally, it would better recognize those individuals who are putting in extra efforts to ensure that goals are being met while providing feedback for low-performers on areas for improvement. Employee incentives like raises and bonuses would be contingent on meeting or exceeding certain criteria. In restructuring, use performance appraisals, or individual performance in tandem with departmental and production goals to better challenge and reward the workers. A low performance appraisal and poor or mediocre performance would not be rewarded at the same levels as those with high-scored performance appraisals and above average production. By creating a tiered bonus system, the bonuses would be larger and create a desire to attain that level of reward. Once this occurs and is formally documented within the company policies, instrumentality levels rise and are corrected because confidence and trust in their lead ers would be restored. Raising Valence Further discussions with Supervisor As employees uncovered a break in the third piece of the expectancy theory of motivation, valence. The rewards offered by the company do not meet the personal goals of the workers. The bonus offered to employees is too small after taxes and the workers perception is that it is not worth their effort; after taxes come out of their bonus, overtime pay surpasses the amount a bonus would provide. This information explains yet another key breakdown in the expectancy theory of motivation. The system is in need of restructuring so that the bonus meets the personal goals of the production workers. The Whats in it for me? question needs a suitable answer that does this. If an employee is interested in a promotion, bonus, raise, or otherwise, its important that their feedback is taken into consideration in offering a reward that has personal value for the workers. Boosting the valence level is satisfied and once the variables of value, needs, goals, and preferences are met, motivation will increase. Conclusion The problem is three-tiered but in working within the three relationships and by breaking down each piece, the leaders at Company X can boost motivation by raising the three levels of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. By following a checklist of issues to address, arising from the theory itself, and by bestowing rewards in an appropriate fashion, the leader is enabled to adopt [an] influence strategy that enhances levels of personal motivation (Zerbe et al, 2001). Because an employees expectancy her or his judgment about the attractiveness and probability of a prospective reward strongly influences that persons willingness to take on a new task, the result will be more effort expended by the workers to meet goals they perceive as attainable (Newstrom, 2007).

We devised apiece of drama with the help of the story that was written :: Drama

We devised apiece of drama with the help of the story that was written with words extractedfrom the poem: Walls. I represented. We devised a piece of drama with the help of the story that was written with words extracted from the poem: Walls. I represented Jerusalem; the holy city of God. I was positioned at the centre in-between the two worshippers to show that Jerusalem is a place of pilgrimage and prayer. In front of me, either side, were the soldiers that guarded Jerusalem and the people within. Behind me (Jerusalem) were the two builders, again either side, building the ‘wall’ around me; which is known as the Wailing Wall or Western Wall. The Western Wall in Jerusalem is the holiest site in Judaism. The wall is all that remains of the Second temple, built by Herod the Great. Jews traditionally visit the site, which is also known as the Wailing Wall, to lament the destruction of the First and Second Temples and to offer prayers. My group showed narrated action where the narrator (enacted by me) spoke directly to the audience to comment on the events happening on stage. I was tall and stood up straight so therefore I had the highest level. In the opening freeze, as shown in the stick diagram, my arms were raised high above and spread outwards to symbolically show that I am a vast piece of land i.e. Jerusalem. Indeed, it is a place for protection, safety and support for the people living here. I had a strong and bold tone of voice and said the narration loudly and clearly. A piece of prop that we had used was a sari that was draped around me to show a sense of divinity and to represent the holy land of God. The worshippers had themselves knelt down to show their devotion and respect as well as their humility (lower level). The proximity between me and the worshippers are really close because they are the inhabitants of the city and are part of the community. The soldiers were upstanding and sturdy as I was (Jerusalem) because the well-being of the people and the city is under their guardianship. The builders of the wall, who were behind me, were miming movements of real builders such as; one hand clenched like a fist, the other ‘holding’ a hammer and building. Since it was a spontaneous improvisation we had only little time to prepare. Using the time we had, I think we had prepared a clear and engaging presentation of the story. The soldiers (Craig and Dior) moved from their designate places to the opposite side (left to right), back and

Race and Racial Group Essay

Search the Internet for groups and organizations promoting racial equality to help you complete this assignment. You may also refer to the Internet Resource Directory in Ch. 13 of Racial and Ethnic Groups. Using the information from the text and your web search: Identify one racial group from the list below:  · Hispanic American/Latino Write a 500- to 750-word paper from one of the perspectives below:  · A historian writing about the racial group in a book chapter  · A news reporter writing a newspaper article or blog entry about the racial group  · An individual member of the racial group, writing a personal letter to a friend who is not a member of that racial group Answer the following questions:  · What have been the experiences of this racial group throughout U.S. history?  · What have been the political, social, and cultural issues and concerns throughout American history?  · What legislation meant to constrain race within prejudicial boundaries was enacted? How did the various groups you researched fight this legislation? What legislation meant to alleviate prejudicial boundaries has been enacted? How did the various groups you researched promote this legislation? Assignment: Historical Report on Race Purpose of Assignment Students explore a variety of resources on racial equality and write a paper from a historical perspective relating to the experiences of a particular racial group in the United States. By understanding the history of experiences of various groups, students will be better prepared to connect historical experience to racial diversity today. Resource Required Internet Resource Directory in Ch. 13 of Racial and Ethnic Groups

My Childhood Days Essay

It was a green world where I was born. I was born and raised in a small town which could almost know as countryside. Now, the small town has already collapsed and turned into a developing-city. It is so sad that I can only recall my childhood days in my mind instead of visiting the small town. It was a small town with warm-hearted villagers. We were all friends and always share our foods and games. Mak Kwan had the most famous cooking while En. Chong could fly the kite highest. Hmm†¦ I could still smell the curry in the air! My brother and I, we used to rush to Mak Kwan’s home and asked for curry when we smell it. Mak Kwan never decline and always offers us a big bowl of curry to share with our family. The satisfaction is so hard to describe. In my childhood days, I loved to fish in the rivers. Especially hand-fishing! I never like to fish with the rods because it is too messy. Although I like to fish, I am not good at it. So, it was always a big surprise for me when I succeeded to catch a fish. It made me smile all the day because I was over the moon! I usually went fishing with my brother. Not like me, he was good at hand-fishing. He could always catch a basket-full of fish. But, we only chose a fish to bring home and let the others go. Brother said that this was to make sure that there are always fishes in the rivers. One day, I watched â€Å"Recess† and I was so impressed by the tree-house. I asked for permission to build a tree-house, and my father promised to make me one! God is so good to me! My dad said that it was his dream when he was small too, so, he tried to make his and my dream came true. Then, we started to proceed. First, we selected a tree which was suitable to build a tree-house. After that, we drew a simple blue-print of the tree-house. We chopped down some trees and cut them into boards (it was not encouraged to cut down trees at that time, but no one stopped us because everyone was excited to see the tree-house). After three months, it was done! Not as luxurious as the one in â€Å"Recess†, but it was pretty good. At that time, I thought that I would become a good architect because I could design and build. Now, I learned that I was naive and stupid. In my childhood days, it was not only my playground, but also my safe haven when I was scolded by my parents. It use d to be my home to home. In the small town I lived, there was a small jungle. My brother and I enjoyed jungle trekking and explored some new things in the jungle. We had an album named ‘Jungle Diary’. We wrote down all the interesting incident during the exploration. We also collected the unique leaves, sticked it in the album and did some notes. We also liked to observe the animals’ lifestyle. We had an old digital camera, we shot the photos of the birds and wrote down the characteristics. It was fun. One time, we followed a deer along and accidentally went in too far into the jungle. We got lost! It was a terrible incident, I absolutely don’t want to recall it. In my childhood days, all the children in the village loved to fly kites. As I said before, En. Chong could fly the kites highest. So, he taught us how to fly the kites high in the sky. It was all about control. If the string is too tight, It breaks, but if it is too loose, it can’t go high. Just like our life. In a windy season, we organized a small kite-flying competition. Although it was small, everyone took it seriously. Because the design and beauty of the kites would be judged, we had to do it on our own. No shop would sell the kites at that time to prevent us from cheating. Of course, En. Chong was the busiest person because everyone asked for his help to make sure the kites could fly. En. Chong is a selfless person, he never declined to teach. He said that he was happy that many people tried to learn the way of making a good kite. It was not easy as what we thought, I failed three times before I got it. It was a big day, the competition. I didn’t win the first p lace, but it was a very memorable incident. I am not going to forget it. There were else more funny and wonderful memories in my childhood days. Unfortunately, kid nowadays can’t experience these funny things anymore. In the city now, people don’t even bother to know their neighbour’s name. The river is polluted, the tree with tree-house is gone, no more jungle for us to explore, and how often can we see the kites in the sky? They said it is the inevitable price for the modernization and industrialization. Yes, thanks to the development, and the pollution. I am glad that I was born in the 90s. Shame for the 00s, all they have is the internet. In the time comes, we will learn that how much hurts we had brought to our Mother Earth.

Embarrassing Moment Essay

Advantages At first when I took first aid training from a local hospital, I had no idea how much helpful is this training in providing help to others. It gives you a sense of self-satisfaction when you help someone in acute emergency. But at the time of training, I didn’t realize about the importance and advantages of first aid box but after some time when I got a first aid box to keep at my home and equipped the same with all necessary items, I have a piece of mind to cope any type of emergency in my home or even if it happens with anyone in neighbor hood. If you are a person who also likes to help others, even if not others, just to provide treatment to your loved ones, you must maintain a first aid box at your home. But before you maintain a first aid box at your home, consider taking part in a first aid training course because it will train you in using various surgical instruments and medical devices properly. Usually, after you get first aid training from any hospital or organization such as Red Cross, your trainer also provides you a check-list for your first aid box. The check-list usually includes following items: * Antiseptic Wash * Gauze squares & Gauze rolls * Cotton balls & Cotton swabs * Neospirin or other triple antibiotic ointment or cream * Medical tape, hot/cold pack, small scissors * Bee sting kit, thermometer * Selection of bandages There are many other extra items which you may keep in your first aid box such as sterile water, self-adhesive tape, nail clippers, trauma shears, surgical suture, surgical suture needle, vicryl mesh, Ethicon sutures, steroid cream and sunburn treatment (aloe products) etc. Some of these items need more specific training to use them properly such trauma shears are used to cut leather jackets, seat belts and denim etc. Like wise to use surgical instruments such as surgical suture and surgical suture needle, you also need specific training to take care of large wounds or cuts. You can also make two first aid kits, one for your home and other for your. Take a small kit with you when you travel or you can name your travel kit as a mini kit. To get all these necessary items for your first aid box, you can search over the internet to find many reliable resources where you may get discounts if you order for all medical supplies at one place. The contents and equipment of the first-aid kits are not otherwise specified. Therefore, the following items are to be included in each first-aid kit and be available at every pool or spa: 1. 1 – First Aid Book 2. 1 – Box Plastic Adhesive Bandages – 1†³ x 3†³ 16/Box 3. 1 – Tweezers 4. 1 – Scissors 5. 1 – Spool Tape – 1/2†³ x 5 yards 6. 2 – Compress Bandage – 3†³ x 3†³ 7. 1 – Triangular Bandage – 40†³ 8. 1 – Small Ice Pack 9. 1 – Box Fingertip Bandage – 10/Box 10. 1 – Box Cloth Knuckle Bandage 11. 1 – Eye Dressing 12. 1 – Box Telfa Pads – 1 1/2†³ x 2†³ 12/Box 13. 1 – Roller Gauze 14. 3 – Packages Clean Wipes 15. 1 – Compact CPR Shield 16. 1 – Latex Gloves, Pair 17. 2 – Emergency Blankets Moral As well as the moral duty of employers to protect employees and members of the public,General Health and Safety Legislation covers all employers and workplaces. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 These regulations place an obligation on employers to assess risks and where necessary, take action to eliminate or control the risks. The Health and Safety (First-Aid) Regulations 1981 These regulations state that, in order to provide First Aid to their employees who become injured or ill at work, employers must have adequate and appropriate equipment, facilities and personnel. Regulations apply to all workplaces, including those with less than five employees. Self-employed workers need to ensure they have adequate facilities to provide First Aid to themselves. If the self-employed person works with others on mixed premises, then joint arrangements should be made with other occupiers. It could be that one employer will take responsibility for the provision of First Aid cover for all workers on the premises. back to top Further information on First Aid at Work * Email your query now * Call our Adviceline on 0800 019 2211 First Aid at Work (external site) This site from the Health and Safety Executive provides information on all aspects of first aid at work for employers and employees across all industry sectors. Free resources from Healthy Working Lives Links below are to publications pages giving options to download these resources: * Risk Assessment Form * Risk Assessment Form – Worked Example Free First Aid guidance from the Health and Safety Executive Note – all links are to external pages on the HSE website giving options to download or order these resources: * First Aid at Work – Your questions answered INDG214 (external site) Priced First Aid guidance from the Health and Safety Executive Note – all links are to external pages on the HSE website giving options to order these resources: * Basic Advice on First Aid at Work (external site) * Electric Shock: First Aid Procedures (external site) * First Aid at Work: The Health and safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 – Approved Code of Practice and Guidance L74 (external site) back to top

Innovative information systems capabilities of Disney company Research Paper

Innovative information systems capabilities of Disney company - Research Paper Example The IT sector is behind many of the operations of the organization and is responsible for the smooth running of the various companies that are related to the Walt Disney organization (Gabler 56). Due to the large scale of the Disney family, it cannot be said that the IT functions are centralized but rather are set up in the different companies such as the Animation and Amusement park subsidiaries according to the particular needs of that company and their particular requirements. However, there is a section of IT that can be considered to be central in nature as it is responsible for the overview of the various parts of the Walt Disney Empire (Gabler 59). This is to say that it collects and maintains important information having to do with all the parts of the organization into one place so as to formulate an overview of how the companies are performing with regard to various terms such as financially, growth and expansion (Van den Hoven & Weckert 102). This central collection of inf ormation can be considered to be the hub of the Walt Disney Information System. ... These costs arise in different forms such as the maintenance of the machinery involved with the IT infrastructure in a bid to keep it running smoothly, as well as the cost of manpower that is required to operate the various systems (Daintith 75). These costs tend eat into the organization’s budget as they are cheap. There are various opportunities that can be discovered in this sector as well if one is to carefully look around. These include the room for expansion that is provided by the development of IT. This is with regard to the spread of the internet and the resultant market that is available on this new platform. The proper use of IT in this sector will allow the organization the opportunity to fully exploit this new market (Daintith 89). In terms of threats, the most significant in this category would be of insecurity which has become a growing problem within the IT industry as more hackers look to exploit those who these systems to their own advantage. Hackers are a da ngerous lot and could be responsible for the loss of a lot of  money through operation interruptions and thus the proper security measures need to be taken to ascertain that the system is safe and secure from such individuals. Disney's New Technology There are a number of new technologies within the IT sector that have arrived in Disney over the past few years and have served to improve the business operations of the organization in various ways be it the enhancement of operational efficiency or the attraction of more customers as a result of their introduction (Gabler 98). The main introductions have been of the latter variety and have been especially utilized in amusement parks where

A creative love story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A creative love story - Essay Example he eternal love story, â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† and our love story indeed took a start in the same way, like all star-crossed lovers falling onto each other’s arm and then reaching the climax to fall apart but in my case Jane, my Romeo was a magician, he promised me to be together and he said me that I’ll never have to be alone. Jane was two years senior to me in my school and we fell in love with each other very soon while going down the vales, crossing the woods and running after the butterfly on our way to school. Summers passed and spring was in the air, with flowers, colors and smell in the air and we were engrossed in each other under the blue sky and full moon. I asked Jane, â€Å"Honey, I do not want to be alone anymore. â€Å"I do not want to lose you†. Jane replied, â€Å"Do not worry, Scarlet, we will be together forever.†Days passed by and it was white around. It was Christmas! Jane was on my balcony crossing the garden. To meet me, he threw pebble on my window. A trick he had taken a number of times to send me signals. Unfortunately, that Christmas Eve my dad received the sound of the pebble and came out in the yard to catch me and my love red handed. I could only see him pushing back Jane and a loud sound came to ears, â€Å"Stay away you jerk! Stay away, from Scarlet. That was the last time I saw my Jane. Snow melted fast and new leaves were on the branches of the tree, people on street and birds out of their nests. Only I was inside my room then for more than a month. Suddenly, I don’t know how, my friend Catherine arrived one Sunday morning and insisted me to go out with her. I was very sure that dad won’t allow us. However, to my despair, he let us go to the outskirts and there the greatest excitement of my life was waiting. My Jane was waiting for me. I was meeting him after a month and I could see the same spark in his eyes. I said to Jane, â€Å"There’s no way left, apart from running away†. â€Å"Please Jane take me away very far where nobody